Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption

Over the next decades mankind will demand more food from fewer land and water resources. This study quantifies the food production impacts of four alternative development scenarios from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Partially and jointly considered are land and water supply impacts from population growth, and technical change, as well as forest and agricultural commodity demand shifts from population growth and economic development. The income impacts on food demand are computed with dynamic elasticities. Simulations with a global, partial equilibrium model of the agricultural and forest sectors show that per capita food levels increase in all examined development scenarios with minor impacts on food prices. Global agricultural land increases by up to 14% between 2010 and 2030. Deforestation restrictions strongly impact the price of land and water resources but have little consequences for the global level of food production and food prices. While projected income changes have the highest partial impact on per capita food consumption levels, population growth leads to the highest increase in total food production. The impact of technical change is amplified or mitigated by adaptations of land management intensities.     

Hydro-physical responses of gypseous and non-gypseous soils to livestock grazing in a semi-arid region of NE Spain

Pasture productivity depends on soil hydro-physical properties, which in turn are deeply affected by livestock grazing. However, the comparative response of different soil types, and particularly gypseous soil types, to grazing has hardly been studied before. This paper compares the effect of grazing on the soil hydro-physical properties of silty gypseous (Gy) and non-gypseous (NGy) soils located in a semi-arid region (Middle Ebro Valley, NE, Spain). Two different soil managements were selected: ungrazed natural shrubland (N) and grazed shrubland (GR) soils. The gypsum, CaCO₃ and organic matter content (OM), soil texture, soil bulk density (ρ_b), penetration resistance (PR), saturated sorptivity (S), hydraulic conductivity (K), and the water retention curve (WRC) for undisturbed soil samples from 1 to 10 cm depth soil layer were measured. The ρ_b and PR in NGy soils were significantly higher than those observed in the Gy ones. Soil compaction due to grazing treatment tended to increase ρ_b and decrease the K and S values. While no differences in PR were observed in the Gy soils between grazing treatments, the PR measured in the NGy soils under GR was significantly higher than the corresponding values observed under N. Differences in K and S between GR and N treatments were only significant (p < 0.05) in NGy soils, where K and S values under the N treatment were almost four times greater than the corresponding values measured under GR. Overall, no differences in the WRCs were observed between soil types and grazing treatments. While the WRCs of NGy soils were not significantly affected by the grazing treatment, Gy soils under N treatment present a significantly higher level of soil macropores than under GR treatment. The hydro-physical features of Gy soils tended to be less affected by grazing than those of the NGy soils. These results suggest that livestock grazing, in both Gy and NGy soils, has a negative effect on the physical soil properties, which should be taken into account by land managers of these semi-arid regions where silty gypseous and non-gypseous areas coexist.     

Origin软件在研究市售滴灌产品水力性能中的应用

滴灌是一种受到广泛关注的低压节水灌溉技术,滴灌产品作为承栽该技术的载体,其质量直接影响了滴灌技术的推广。通常那些制造偏差小、流量均匀度高、抗堵塞性能强、单位成本低的滴灌产品才能得到更广泛的应用。采用最小二乘法,使用origin软件对市售的4种主要滴灌产品压力一流量关系进行拟合计算,结果表明：使用该软件拟合的流量及水利性...     

非饱和重塑黏土在不同击实条件下的土水特征曲线试验研究

采用压力板仪对非饱和重塑黏土在2种不同击实条件下的土水特征曲线进行了研究。即对该重塑土样开展标准击实试验,在击实曲线上取同一干密度对应的不同击实含水率的试样和击实曲线上最优含水率处的试样,并通过增加击实次数,得到另外2种击实干密度的试样,对上述试样进行土水特征曲线测试,并采用常用的土水特征曲线模型Van Genuchten模型、Fredlund 3参数模型、Fredlund 4参数模型对实测试样的土水特征曲线进行了拟合,其拟合结果较好。研究发现,击实干密度越大,空气进入值越高,试样持水能力越强。击实含水率越大,试样可塑性越好,持水能力越强,空气进入值也越大。     

基于机器视觉的导航定位技术

对导航定位中的曲线导航问题进行研究,采用单目视觉导航定位的方法采集多幅导航线图像,首先进行了远距离标定,建立实际行走的距离与偏航角度以及目标物偏离中心位置的距离与像素大小的数据库,再用得到的数据库,根据几何的方法计算出导航精度,在本实验中,基本依靠单目视觉技术完成了曲线导航的任务。     

滨海吹填土灌排工程改良效果研究

通过田间试验,对灌排工程改良措施改良滨海吹填土的效果进行了研究。结果表明,改良过程中排水工程从小区排出了大量的盐分,排出水矿化度从55.109g/L下降到5g/L左右。灌排措施下,300mm左右的淋洗水量能使0～40cm土层土壤脱盐率达到约65%,但不能使0～100cm土体整体脱盐;约700mm淋洗用水量能使0～100...     

常见的凸封闭节曲线非圆齿轮副设计

根据非圆齿轮的啮合原理,针对椭圆、偏心圆和巴斯噶蜗线等几种常见的凸封闭节曲线及其共轭的非圆齿轮,推导了节曲线的计算公式,并可利用计算机进行精确求解和某些特性参数的修正计算。对三类齿轮副的传动性能和设计制造方面的优缺点进行了对比分析,为其后续设计和制造提供依据。     

逼近水力机械特性的一种新方法

针对现有曲线逼近方法的不足，本文给出一种基于元胞自动机原理的曲线逼近方法，并对应用这种方法逼近水力机械特性的计算过程进行了研究。研究结果表明，使用基于元胞自动机的曲线逼近方法逼近水力机械的特性，与整体的曲线逼近方法相比，所得到的逼近结果，具有计算精度高，能够真实反映水力机械特性的特点，可以用于水力机械的控制和优化运行等方面。     

玉米叶混掺对土壤水分入渗的影响

通过不同玉米叶混掺比例及混掺层埋深的垂直入渗试验,并以纯土为对照,研究玉米叶混掺对累积入渗量、入渗率及剖面含水率等的影响。结果表明,处理间土壤水分特征曲线差异明显;相同土壤水吸力下,添加玉米叶的土壤含水率均高于纯土处理,且添加3%玉米叶的土壤保水性明显优于添加1%玉米叶;土壤密度一定时,累积入渗量均表现为纯土1%玉米叶处理3%玉米叶处理;添加3%玉米叶对剖面含水率的影响高于1%玉米叶。     

试验数据曲线拟合的简便计算法

着重介绍了以微型计算机为工具对两组有未知关系的试验数据进行回归方差分析及曲线拟合的简单易行的计算方法，介绍了微机程序设计思想及关键，并给出了程序设计框图，对泵的性能测试，喷灌管道水力损失试验及泵站测试数据的处理有一定的指导和借鉴意义。